Deontological Ethics - 881 Words

Deontological Ethics in Location-based Social Media There are so many location aware applications on my â€Å"smart† phone; I do not know how I could have lived without these features. There are applications that tell me where is the closes gym that I am a member of. There are applications that give me information on the weather of the current city. There are even applications that will locate the closest â€Å"driver† to taxi me wherever I want to go. And of course, all these can be shared on facebook or various other social networking sites. With the narrowing gap of our online presence and real life, these bring on various questions on the data that we provide and who can see. As with all technology issues in the current age, privacy is a†¦show more content†¦In the gadget world, this has been a huge issue with every handset manufacturer suing eachother, wanting courts to put injunctions on their products so they don’t have a competition. The e nd result might be that the company sells few more gadgets but stifles the competition hurting the users. The flipside is true for these manufacturers. While these intellectual properties’ specific process might be easy to judge, design processes are subjective. When companies sue and win injunctions on other gadgets because they â€Å"look alike† would be immoral in that while they reach an end result they might prefer, they are going about in an obscure way. The users will have to use these services with their moral conscience as well. A user could encounter a service at a restaurant that they pay for that is not up to the standards; they can post up on Yelp or similar review sites about that restaurant. These reviews are valuable to the restaurants and they will do the best they can to please the customers. If the reviews are malicious in nature, they will not be moral. However, if the review is a critique of the restaurant in a manner that it will bring light to the issues, it will be moral. Moral absolutism states that some actions are absolutely right or wrong. If providers are not clear with their intentions on how to use the user’s location based dataShow MoreRelatedDeontological Ethics : Ethics And Ethics1256 Words   |  6 Pages Deontological Ethics Deontological Ethics are based on normative ethics position that judges the morality of an action that in line with rules. In other words, deontology falls within the nomenclature of moral theories that guide and assess our choices of what we ought to do (deontic theories), in contrast to (aretaic [virtue] theories) that—fundamentally, at least—guide and assess what kind of person (in terms of character traits) we are and should be. In contemporary moral philosophy, deontologyRead MoreEssay on Exploration of Deontological Ethics833 Words   |  4 PagesExploration of Deontological Ethics Deontological ethics is concerned not with the action itself but the consequences of the action. Moral value is conferred by virtue of the actions in themselves. If a certain act is wrong, then it is wrong in all circumstances and conditions, irrespective of the consequences. This view of ethic stands in opposition to teleological views such as utilitarianism, which hold the view that the consequences of an action determine its moralRead MoreDefinitions And Development Of Deontological And Teleological Ethics1039 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction This essay will include the background and development of deontological and teleological ethics. Also, it will compare and contrast the absolute and relative ethics. Finally, it will contain the ethical issues which can affect the operational activities of the business. In order to support the points, it will also include the real life examples. AC 1.1 - Background and development of ethical approaches Teleological ethic - this describes an ethical theory which judges the rightness of anRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill, And The Deontological Theory Of Ethics1873 Words   |  8 PagesFrequently brought up in modern conversations between â€Å"everyday† people and behavioral researchers alike, issues regarding morality and ethics have become increasingly prevalent. With the current global political climate drawing attention to and/or raising awareness for various humanitarian crises, such as the massive destruction in Puerto Rico that has left the entire island in ruin or refugee Rohingya people fleeing persecution in Myanmar and Bangladesh, it is imperative to understand the logisticsRead MoreDeontological, Teleological And Virtue Ethics926 Words   |  4 PagesWhen making decisions, especially critical ones, one can never be certain of the outcome to follow. An examination of three differing schools of thought Deontological, Teleological and Virtue ethics and lastly my own personal ethical paradigm will be considered for the following scenario. As platoon commander you are faced with choosing to abandon a village to its fate as enemy solders move in on your position or to disobey direct orders and intervene. The choice will carry dire consequences regardlessRead MoreEthics, Deontological, And Virtue1690 Words   |  7 Pagestoday’s society, we are all expected to be more open-minded and respecting of others way of life and culture. That’s what being a Global Citizen is about. Through Global Ethics we have learned so far, that we can all relate to three important moral theories. These theories are known as Consequentialist (Utilitarian), Deontological, and Virtue. Through this paper I will also be discussing a case study found in chapter two, based on the Selling of Human Body Parts, and how it’s seen through the lensesRead MoreDeontological Moral Systems : Ethics1532 Words   |  7 PagesDeontological moral systems are usually primarily by a focus upon adherence to independent moral rules or duties. In order to make the correct decisions, we just have to know and understand what a moral way to think or act, and what is the right way to act and respect the rules that exist which regulate those duties. When we follow our way of living, then we are behaving morally. When we fail to follow our duty, we are behaving immorally. It is very important to know that in deontological moralRead MoreUtilitarian And Deontological View Of Ethics1313 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom describing the various details of the issue, I will provide my position on the matter, as well as my reasoning for it. I will also that the considerations of this issue, and explore how it is that they relate to the utilitarian and deontological view of ethics. In doing so will cover who will be hurt, who will be benefitted, who’s rights are involved, who has special duties pertaining to this issue, and why I think that my position is the greatest good over the long haul. By accomplishing thisRead MoreDeontological Vs. Utilitarian Ethics1924 Words   |  8 Pages Deontological vs. Utilitarian Ethics There are two major ethical theories, deontological and utilitarian. Both theories are based on moral rules. These theories attempt to justify the principles and moral rules. In every culture something is defined as either right or wrong, not just wrong or right as a whole. Every society must define what is right or wrong and no universal truths will exist across cultures, this is defined as moral relativism. What is right and what is wrong may be differentRead MoreUtilitarianism And Deontological Ethics : Utilitarianism3422 Words   |  14 Pages UTILITARIANISM AND DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICS 13 Utilitarianism and Deontological Ethics Christopher Kearney Student ID 4697583 American Public University System (AMU) Dr. Robert Watkins September 21,2017 Abstract Usefulness and duty are two of the primary drivers that cause people to take action or not. Usefulness of an action means that the society receives the greatest amount of benefits from the action (or actions) of an individual(s). On the other

Essay about How the Media Uses an Ideal Victim in...

In recent years, the subject of crime has become an increasingly important theme of political, academic, and public debate. In particular, the media today is more focused on victims than it has ever been before. Through media representations of the ‘ideal victim’, this essay will subsequently show how the media are able to construct and re-affirm pre-existing traditional ideologies within the public realm. In effect, this assignment will critically assess the concept of an ‘ideal victim’ and show how the media have used this when describing crime. In reference to the media’s role, they have been highlighted for playing a part in maintaining these views by portraying victims in a certain way according to the newsworthiness of each story†¦show more content†¦The term is often related with negative meanings of powerlessness, passivity, and some victims could be even perceived as inferiors. It is also important to note that when the word ‘v ictim’ is gendered, it is biased towards the female sex. Therefore, assumptions that females are passive and weak also coincide with the assumptions of victims. The alternative term ‘survivor’ is sometimes preferred, particularly by feminists, as it places emphasis on their strength and the severity of the experience with crime. In addition, groups may also be victims; usually involving a type of hate crime such as racism or homophobia. In victimology, there are still many unanswered questions and difficulties to find patterns that would easily classify victims, because nobody is exempt from becoming a victim. Nevertheless, some clichà ©d views about victims are embedded in our society. For example, Christie (1986) describes the idea of the ideal victim, which is, in fact a person who is easily given the status of being a victim. Ideal victims are perceived as blameless, law-abiding, usually female, vulnerable and worthy of help, sympathy and attention. Walklate (2005) used the fairytale of little red riding hood to illustrate the ‘ideal victim’; young, innocent, female out doing good deeds only to be attacked byShow MoreRelatedThe Layers Of Social Strata Within Disability1684 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Mass Media plays a complex and dual role in both perpetuating and altering public perceptions of disability. Avenues in which we see public portrayals of intellectual, emotional, linguistic, age and physical impairments include television, radio, film, literature and various social media platforms. The utilization of media can either reinforce or challenge stereotypes that are widely accepted in western society. The layers of social strata within disability can be intersectional with genderRead MoreRepresentations Of Religion And Western Media1499 Words   |  6 PagesRepresentations of Religion in Western Media Islam There is a current obsession in western media, (during the last decade) pertaining to â€Å"Islam and the West†. This current obsession is filled with negative signifiers with the global media’s predominantly negative, and to an extent racist portrayal of Islam and Muslims. Muslims are generally represented as violent, fanatical, bigoted, or as extremists and terrorists. Media coverage of Islam-related issues has changed drastically since the start ofRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is Defined As A Form Of Modern Slavery Essay1563 Words   |  7 Pagesas a form of modern slavery, in which victims are often either forced, coerced, or fooled by false promises for the purposes of labor or sexual exploitation (citation). Human trafficking has continued to flourish in the 21st century due largely to globalization, natural disasters and crises, and the lack of a united effort to address this issue. Globalization has enabled traffickers to contact interested parties worldwide effic iently and at a low-cost. Victims can be transported across the world withRead MoreThe Effects Of Media And Technology On Our Lives1828 Words   |  8 Pagesmore towards making fast money to get by. He may have to resort to crime to get the kind of fast money he is looking for. Can you blame him? When the odds â€Å"seem† to be against you, you have no choice but to do anything you can to survive. Notice, I stressed the word â€Å"seem†, because I want us to explore the current generation of growing African American males and the effect of media and technology in their lives. Studies show that media images have a large impact on perceptions when the viewers haveRead MoreSexual Assault And Sexual Violence On College Campuses Across The United States1570 Words   |  7 Pagesabstinence only sex education. Women are not reporting their cases to the authorities or universities because of issues with privacy, shame and guilt. Universities are not providing reliable suppor t to victims, which creates wide spread apprehension to report cases of sexual assault. Pop culture and media promote a skewed image of sexualized women, creating a cultural expectation for women to please and be subservient, promoting sexual violence against women across the country. â€Æ' Scientia PotentiaRead MoreSocial Network Media Benefits Feminism1448 Words   |  6 PagesOne specific event that proves that social network media benefits feminism was in 2014, with the hashtag #YesAllWomen. An incident happened in May 2014 where a young man, Elliot Rodger, expressed his hatred for women and he went on a shooting spree in Santa Barbara, California, targeting women. After this tragedy made the news, thousands of women posted on various social networks with the hashtag #YesAllWomen, in order to share the ways sexism and violence affects everyone in their daily life. ThisRead MoreRape And Social Development Programs1519 Words   |  7 Pagesbe the explanation for the motive of the act. Merton and Durkeim’s Strain Theory gives some bases in the explanation of this, as pertaining the strain involved in achieving these ideologies (goals). Some initiatives by social programs prevent rape crimes by educating men about the false masculinity portrayed to them and to fight the culture surrounding it. Strain theory, as well as social learning theory, give some explanation to why date rapes are committed and social development programs may beRead MoreSocial Causes and Consequences of Inequalities Based on Race, Class, Gender, and Sexual Orientation2854 Words   |  11 PagesUnited States to eradicate racial disparities, the media still broadcast discriminatory images and thoughts. Ethnic minorities are constantly being depicted as the culprits and the prime suspects in any crime. Muslim are always associated with fascism, Blacks are always associated with thugs, Mexicans are always depicted as illegal immigrants or drug cartels, Russians as spies and the list goes on. However, the White people are depicted as victims and innocents. Unfortunately, this false depictionRead MoreGender Stereotypes in Advertising and the Media1940 Words   |  8 Pages| Gender Stereotypes in Advertising and the Media | | | | | | According to Surviving for Thriving, a nonprofit organization that helps victims of rape and sexual assault, one out of every six American women has been the victim of an attempted or completed rape in their lifetimes. This means that a total of 17.7 million women have been victims of these crimes. While these numbers may or may not come as a shock to you, the real surprise is where they start (Surviving to Thriving, 2008)Read MoreGender Roles Of Women And Women2359 Words   |  10 PagesMen and women are consistently sexualized and misrepresented in the media. These misrepresentations have serious implications on society and both sexes are constrained by these ideals. These ideal depictions of masculine and feminine are threatening to the already distorted gender roles. The media standards for beauty are outrageous and simply unattainable, putting immense pressure on women today. Moreover media targeting men present a constant theme of hyper masculinity that is normalized in

Headquarters in Melbourne

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Management ? Answer : Introducation Bunnings Warehouse is the largest household hardware dealer in Australia. Its mother company is Wesfamers, and it has its headquarters in Melbourne, Australia. It also has a chain of stores in New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The company offers a range of services including kitchen design, custom benchtops, installation of hot water, etc. Strengths Bunnings Warehouse enjoys an enormous network of more than 2000 stores all over Australia. With this kind of network, the company can reach most of its customers and even get new ones. This wide network also helps boost the consumer relationship with its clients. This can even be attributed to its recent success with revenue of over 11 million Australian dollars in the past financial year. The company has a program through which it gives advice and training to its do-it-yourself customers. With this, the company can build on consumer relations with the customers easily and hence foster it into making more profits and sales. Being the biggest household hardware chain in Australia makes it easy for the company to score out against its competitors. Most people like being associated with more major brands and so people may be obligated to using the products of the company by default because of its big name. Bunnings always have well-trained consultants who are always on the stand to move and are always readily available to do specialized jobs at homes. This helps to arbitrate for value addition on the services provided by the company. Furthermore, the company also has loyalty programs like power pass which gives the consumer a sense of security to the customers thus increasing their loyalty towards the company. Weaknesses Bunnings Warehouse has a platform through which its customers can engage in purchasing of goods and making orders at the comfort of their sofas. However, the platform needs to be streamlined to make it easy for customers to access and buy goods online. In Britain, the company needs to come up with an online platform which is yet to be installed. Also, though consumer involvement in marketing is a key aspect in ensuring of successful stints the do-it-yourself concept being applied by the company is a total mess if not well coordinated. The concept though sometimes can materialize into some good results, but it can also create a negative attitude in the consumers on the company's brand. In this aspect, the consumer has to choose the available materials and engineer the whole process of completing the project. This can be hazardous as it will make consumers diverge their preferences. It could also make consumers to see it as a form of self-service, and thus the level of services will be perceived to be less. Opportunities Bunnings Warehouse has a lot of potential consumers who remain untapped. To tap these people, the company can start by streamlining of its online purchasing platform whereby customers will be able to make orders in the comfort of their houses rather than having to appear in the stores for purchasing physically. This will help boost the number of customers it has. More people in Australia especially the young savvy are in need of building outdoor places where they can hang out in their homes. This could be an exquisite opportunity for the company to expand its boundaries by tapping in more income and also by increasing the number of customers it already has. In addition to that, with the number of homeowners in Australia growing it is a ripe base for consumer addition and increasing of its income revenue Threats Bunnings warehouse faces several threats that can deter its operations. One of the biggest threats is competition from retailers who are also offering the same range of products locally. Its competitors may include companies like Australian outdoor living and Classic home improvements which offer the same range of products and services burnings does. Another threat is the growing number of companies which offer maintenance services. This will cause deepening of the purchasing of hardware among the Australian users. A fall in the global economic grasp would also easily affect the hardware industry since people will be forced to invest less in houses. (MBAskool, 2011) Students coming to study in Canberra from Singapore (international marketing) The education conditions and systems in Canberra need to be upgraded to best suit the international students coming from Singapore. Some already re-instated institutions can be used to drive this. Institutions such as IOWA department of education which was put in place to impose improvement and development of work based learning networks. This will help prepare the students for workforce thus increasing the education standards to suit the international students. Other organizations such as research consortia, school reform organizations, and school management organizations can also be included.(Lubienski, 2014) Potential partners such as University of Canberra, Australian National University, and the Australian Catholic University can be exploited to help in this. Corporate distribution channels such as Scholastic (book clubs and education) can be essential in distributing the educational materials needed. For accommodation, UniGardens Student Accommodation can be a great service provider to the international students. Partnering with other potential intermediaries like the Australian Airlines and Qantas Curates airlines can help in ensuring the transport of the students is catered for. Conclusion Bunnings Warehouse is on the verge of establishing itself as a giant market leader in Australia and beyond. Even though it faces completions from other big companies, it must ensure that it stays at the top all the time. Some of the SWOT analysis done above can be used as a basis for making a conventional change in its operation strategy or management. Though the research is all inclusive more research should be done to make additions to what is in this paper by giving insights and more details. References Lubienski, C. (2014, February 27). Research, policy, and practice: The role of intermediaries in promoting policies. Retrieved May 5, 2017, from AYPF website: https://www.aypf.org/resources/research-policy-and-practice-the-role-of-intermediaries-in-promoting-policies/ MBAskool. (2011, November 15). Bunning's Warehouse SWOT analysis, USP Competitors. Retrieved April 23, 2017, from mbaskool web site: https://www.mbaskool.com/brandguide/lifestyle-and-retail/9229-bunnings-warehouse.html

The Myth of Demeter and Persephone Being free essay sample

Persephone is a beautiful girl who loves sunshine, wild flowers and laughter. Even Hades, the Lord of the Underworld fell in love with her. When Demeter realized that her daughter has disappeared from Earth, distraught and worried she â€Å"From her lovely hair, she tore its band, from her shoulders she loosened her dark cape†. Her daughter who was forcibly taken by Hades to the underworld greatly worried the grieving, unknowing mother. Demeter, confused, thought that by starving the innocent humans, until the gods will no longer be honoured by them, someone might be able to tell her about the whereabouts of Persephone. Zeus, fearing that it would really happen, told her about the truth. That he planned with his brother, Hades, to let him take Persephone to the Underworld with him. Demeter, thinking of the best for her daughter, said â€Å"You know how she loves the light of the sun, the joyous sound of laughter and the scent of flowers. We will write a custom essay sample on The Myth of Demeter and Persephone Being or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This shows how much she loves Persephone to even defy her husband and brother. Even after hearing they had a happy marriage where nothing that Persephone loves doesn’t exist in the underworld. The love Demeter has for Persephone, her daughter is infinite, to even oppose her brothers and her husband and the mortals just for her daughter. Her daughter too, loves her mother very much. As it is shown in the myth, there are many examples and proofs. This myth that is based on a strong love from the immortals that none can stand in its way.

7 Graphic Design Secrets Every Non-Designer Should Know

7 Graphic Design Secrets Every Non-Designer Should Know Whether youre designing a website, a flyer, or an invitation to a birthday party, there will likely come a time when youll need to know some of the basics of graphic designing to make your design visually appealing. Regardless of the software you use, odds are that youll be faced with a seemingly infinite number of fonts, clip art, colors and design elements that could potentially be used on your canvas. Its enough to make even the most creative non-designer overwhelmed!Some people are naturally gifted in knowing what placement and elements look best on a design project. For the rest of us, however, having an eye for design can take years of practice to develop. Thats why weve put together a list of tips from graphic design experts on the basics of design and ways to ensure that your project comes together exactly the way you envisioned it in your mind before you began- or maybe even better.1. Keep it in the (font) familyA common mistake non-designers make when designing an invitatio n, sign, advertisement, web page, etc., is to include several different fonts. In addition to making your text harder to read, using too many fonts makes your design look unprofessional, cluttered and generally unappealing to the eye.As with any field, youll find varying advice, but graphic design experts tend to agree that you should limit your typeface to one font- two at most, and that could be pushing it. When you are selecting the typeface for your project, if you must use two different fonts, be sure to keep the fonts within the same font family so that they are similar in appearance. This goes for titles, headings, subheadings and paragraphs. Instead of using a different font for emphasis, increase the size of the lettering to make a certain word or phrase stand out from the rest. This simple change in scale is all the emphasis (or de-emphasis) youll need.2. Understand that your fonts speak volumesWhile we are discussing fonts, lets talk about which fonts to use. Its importan t to understand that the fonts you choose affect the overall message of the design. For example, rounded fonts evoke a friendly, happy feeling while fonts with multiple sharp edges have a stronger, more aggressive feel. In graphic design for marketing, if the service or product being sold is luxurious, the designer might consider using cursive fonts. Basically, choosing the right font involves choosing a font that reflects the message and feel of your overall design.The design experts at Canva, a web-based design program, provide the following analogy to demonstrate the importance of font choice:Designers (including Erik Spiekermann, Dan Mayer, and Jessica Hische) have been known to compare choosing fonts for design projects to choosing an outfit to wear. And its an apt analogy. Think about what your clothes might say about you: based on what you wear, people might rightly or wrongly make assumptions about your style, your personality, your socio-economic background, your age (or th e age you wish you were), or the kind of impression you want to make. And different occasions and situations call for different apparel. You wouldnt wear a bathing suit to a job interview; then again, you wouldnt want to wear a suit and tie during your vacation on the beach either. Theres an element of appropriateness to consider.Canva3. Use scale and color for impactRemember when we discussed fonts and how to increase or decrease the scale of them for emphasis? The same holds true for any of the elements within your design. The best way to create impact in your message is to pay special attention to the scale and color of your text and its surrounding icons or photos. Poppie Pack, senior graphic designer for Canva, explains it like this:The size you apply to your type will also create typographic hierarchy, determining the order that your text is read. The colors you use for your text will also create hierarchy. Make sure you apply the strongest colors to the content you want read first. Try reducing the less significant text and increasing its letter spacing. This will fill space as well as creating flush lines.Poppie Pack4. Give each element its spaceOvercrowding images and text is another common mistake many non-designers make. And with all of the choices given in design programs, its an easy thing to do if youre not paying attention. Giving each element a little space to breathe (so to speak) will do wonders in making your design look more professional and easier to read.This is especially true with text. Dont crowd text too closely to make it fit. If youre limited on space and there is no way you can cut words in the text, make the font smaller instead of large and spaced too closely. The human eye cant read crowded text easily and needs to see space around elements (text or images) in order to distinguish the separation of the elements.You can look at a magazine or newspaper to see this in practice- the negative space in the margins and the spacing of t he text are fundamental in ensuring that the page is easy to read and pleasing to the eye. Well discuss more about whitespace (otherwise known as negative space) in tip #7.5. Simplicity is bestLeonardo Da Vinci, the famed painter, sculptor and inventor, once wrote that Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication. Ask any professional graphic designer and they are likely to tell you that the simple designs are usually the hardest to create. In fact, at the heart of great graphic design is simplicity.This goes for your images as well as the text youve placed within the design. If there is an element or word that doesnt have to be there, take it out. If your message is short and simple, it is more likely to be read and draw attention.6. Use contrasting colorsContrasting colors stand out and capture attention, so light text against a dark background, or alternately dark text against a light background is a good rule to follow. This can be difficult if you are using a photo as your backgro und and the photo has different colors or shades on it, but you can still find contrast by limiting the text to one area on the photograph. Another way to handle this is to create a translucent overlay to achieve contrast. Most photo editing software like PhotoShop can create this effect easily.7. White space is your friendAgain, consider Apples branding and their use of empty space to draw the eyes attention to their famous logo. Keep in mind that the negative space doesnt need to be literally white but empty space on your canvas is a good thing, so dont feel the need to fill it all with icons or text. The more stuff you put on your design, the less powerful it will be. Sometimes, this requires moving different elements around on your canvas to find the best way to create the space. However, as you do this, youll notice how different elements will draw your attention more based on where the empty space is.Also, reducing font or icon size to allow more space between lines of text al lows for that text to stand out more and catch the eye. This same idea holds true if you have a lot of text and need to put it in columns. The more whitespace you can put between the columns, the better. This is often just a process of narrowing the columns.Anna Guerrero explains it this way:As easy as it can be to over-design, it is important to avoid needless clutter. White space funnels your eye towards the content and allows your message to stand out. Clarity doesnt mean boring design; rather a strong design will speak for itself rather grabbing for the audiences attention. Consider Apples branding and advertising. It utilizes large areas of white space to communicate a sense of simplicity and to reflect the user-friendliness of its products. Books and magazines are a great example of the importance of white space. The margin- the blank area between the text and the edge of the page- makes reading dense copy much easier.Anna GuerreroReady to design?Obviously, you dont have to be a professional graphic designer to make your design project look great. If you pay attention to these seven concepts, its likely that no one will even know a non-designer created it!

Learn How to Count in Italian

Learn How to Count in Italian Numbers are a must-know when learning a language because they’re used in so many situations figuring out what time it is, how much something costs, understanding the timeline that your tour guide is talking about, doing math, understanding recipes, and even interpreting the WiFi password. Italian Cardinal Numbers From 1 to 100 You can use the following table to memorize numbers from 1 to 100. NUMBER AND PRONUNCIATION   1 uno OO-noh 2 due DOO-eh 3 tre TREH 4 quattro KWAHT-troh 5 cinque CHEEN-kweh 6 sei SEH-ee 7 sette SET-teh 8 otto OHT-toh 9 nove NOH-veh 10 dieci dee-EH-chee 11 undici OON-dee-chee 12 dodici DOH-dee-chee 13 tredici TREH-dee-chee 14 quattordici kwaht-TOR-dee-chee 15 quindici KWEEN-dee-chee 16 sedici SEH-dee-chee 17 diciassette dee-chahs-SET-teh 18 diciotto dee-CHOHT-toh 19 diciannove dee-chahn-NOH-veh 20 venti VEN-tee 21 ventuno ven-TOO-noh 22 ventidue ven-tee-DOO-eh 23 ventitr ven-tee-TREH 24 ventiquattro ven-tee-KWAHT-troh 25 venticinque ven-tee-CHEEN-kweh 26 ventisei ven-tee-SEH-ee 27 ventisette ven-tee-SET-teh 28 ventotto ven-TOHT-toh 29 ventinove ven-tee-NOH-veh 30 trenta TREN-tah 40 quaranta kwah-RAHN-tah 50 cinquanta cheen-KWAHN-tah 60 sessanta ses-SAHN-tah 70 settanta set-TAHN-ta 80 ottanta oht-TAHN-ta 90 novanta noh-VAHN-tah 100 cento CHEN-toh The numbers venti, trenta, quaranta, cinquanta, and so on drop the final vowel when combined with uno - 1 and otto - 8. Tre - 3 is written without an accent, but ventitrà © - 23, trentatrà © - 33, and so on are written with an acute accent. Also, notice that once you know the base number, like â€Å"venti - 20†, you can add your numbers for 1-10 to create â€Å"ventuno - 21†, â€Å"ventidue - 22†, â€Å"ventitrà © - 23† and so on. Esempi: A: Quanto costa la focaccia? - How much does the focaccia cost? B: Costa due euro e cinquanta centesimi. - It costs 2,50 euro. A: Fa caldo oggi! Quanti gradi ci sono? - It’s hot today! What’s the temperature? B: Trentuno gradi! - 31 degrees! A: Che ore sono? - What time is it? B: Sono le due e undici. - It’s 2:11.    Italian Cardinal Numbers of 100 and Greater Back in the old days, before the euros arrival in Italy, you could pay a few thousand lire for admission to a museum or for a cappuccino and biscotti. During that time, tourists needed to know more than just the numbers up to 100 to get around. Lucky for you, lire are history, but learning numbers greater than 100 will still prove useful, particularly when talking about years or the prices for any couture items. Number and Pronunciation 100 cento CHEN-toh 101 centouno/centuno cheh- toh-OO-noh/chehn-TOO-noh 150 centocinquanta cheh-toh-cheen-KWAHN-tah 200 duecento doo-eh-CHEN-toh 300 trecento treh-CHEN-toh 400 quattrocento kwaht-troh-CHEN-toh 500 cinquecento cheen-kweh-CHEN-toh 600 seicento seh-ee-CHEN-toh 700 settecento set-the-CHEN-toh 800 ottocento oht-toh-CHEN-toh 900 novecento noh-veh-CHEN-toh 1.000 mille MEEL-leh 1.001 milleuno meel-leh-OO-noh 1.200 milleduecento meel-leh-doo-eh-CHEN-toh 2.000 duemila doo-eh-MEE-lah 10.000 diecimila dee-eh-chee-MEE-lah 15.000 quindicimila kween-dee-chee-MEE-lah 100.000 centomila chen-toh-mee-lah 1.000.000 un milione OON mee-lee-OH-neh 2.000.000 due milioni DOO-eh mee-lee-OH-neh 1.000.000.000 un miliardo OON mee-lee-ARE-doh Esempi: 1492 - millequattrocentonovantadue1962 - millenovecentosessantadue1991 - millenovecentonovantuno2000 - duemila2016 - duemila sedici Italian Ordinal Numbers You can place items in order with ordinal numbers. For instance, il primo is the first course on a menu and il secondo is the second course, so pay attention to articles. Here’s what they look like: English and Italian first primo second secondo third terzo fourth quarto fifth quinto sixth sesto seventh settimo eighth ottavo ninth nono tenth decimo eleventh undicesimo twelfth dodicesimo thirteenth tredicesimo fourteenth quattordicesimo fifteenth quindicesimo sixteenth sedicesimo seventeenth diciassettesimo eighteenth diciottesimo nineteenth diciannovesimo twentieth ventesimo twenty-first ventunesimo twenty-third ventitreesimo hundredth centesimo thousandth millesimo two thousandth duemillesimo three thousandth tremillesimo one millionth Milionesimo When used with the numerical succession of kings, popes, and emperors, the ordinal numbers are capitalized. For example, Vittorio Emanuele III (Terzo), who ruled the unified Italian nation from 1900 to 1946, was the third king with that name. Some other examples are: Pope Paul Quinto - Pope Paul VVittorio Emanuele Secondo - Vittorio Emanuele IILeone Nono - Leone IXCarlo Quinto   - Carlo V Here are some examples of centuries: diciottesimo secolo - eighteenth centurydiciannovesimo secolo - nineteenth centuryventesimo secolo - twentieth century Notice the regularity of ordinal numbers beginning with undicesimo. The suffix -esimo is added to the cardinal numbers by dropping the final vowel of the cardinal number. The one exception includes numbers ending in -trà ©. Those numbers drop their accent and are unchanged when -esimo is added. Since Italian ordinal numbers function as adjectives, they must agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify: primo, prima, primi, prime. Il primo ministro - The Prime MinisterIl primo sindaco donna della storia di questa citt - The first female major in the history of this cityPrendiamo il primo treno che arriva! - Let’s catch the first train coming!La prima della fila à ¨ questa signora, io sono la seconda. - The first in line ​is this lady, I’m the second one.

Do We Need Passion to Start a Business Venture Research Paper

Do We Need Passion to Start a Business Venture - Research Paper Example A passionate entrepreneur associates their businesses with their lives and in the process, they develop a strong feeling of attachment towards it. Passion connects the entrepreneur with the power that makes him or her excel in the business activity. It provides enthusiasm, commitment, and hope that encourage the entrepreneur to press on with his or her business idea even when the circumstances are not conducive. A passionate entrepreneur has an intense feeling of love towards his or her business idea and always does things or activities that promote its growth, development, and sustainability. Passion leads to the development of purpose in a person. Entrepreneurs must have passion because starting and running a business is not an easy task. The idea of starting and running a successful business is overwhelming. There are so many questions to answer, hurdles to jump, losses to make, wars to fight and successes to celebrate at the course of business operations. All the above activities that occur during the startup and operation of any business requires a passionate heart. However, to be truly a successful entrepreneur, a person must possess other entrepreneurship qualities apart from passion. Passion forms an integral part and does not operate in isolation. Apart from being passionate, successful entrepreneurs are moderate risk takers, opportunists, visionaries, hardworking, innovative, creative, feedback-seeking, concern for excellence, positive thinkers as well as good negotiators. A person who possess all or almost all the above characteristics posses entrepreneurial tendencies and are more likely to create a thriving business in any field. Entrepreneurs who plan to achieve or realize their dreams must identify what they like most and develop a framework that guides them exploit the opportunities that accompany those activities they are passionate about.  

FGR Bond Investment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

FGR Bond Investment - Essay Example The bond that is a tax-free with a high credit rating and a 4.7% taxable equivalent yield is much safer investment than that taxable bond that pays 5 % with a low credit rating. As a result, advisable that one does not need to buy tax-exempt bonds for him just to get the tax-free income if he is in a lower tax bracket. With the DES corporate bond, the yield that the investor receives is taxable at 30%.With the FGR municipal bond, the yield is tax-free. As a result, in order to compare the two options, one has to figure out the taxable-equivalent yield of municipal bond. First, one has to find out what he keeps from taxable investments, which, in this case, is 70% or .70 of the taxable yield. Since the investor pays 30% of every dollar in taxes, he gets to keep 70%. 12.9% (rounded up from 12.8571) is the taxable-equivalent yield of 9% corporate bond if you are in the 30% tax bracket. It is, as a result, obvious that this is more than the FGR’s municipal bond taxable rate of 7%. That is; one can conclude that if you were to earn 12.9% and pay 30% on the interest, one would end up with 9% after-tax yield. As a result, Beth who is an investor in this case in the 30% tax bracket would choose Options 1 for it is because the higher taxable-equivalent yield would give the most appealing income stream. The importance of municipal bonds is that, the interest received from it is free from federal income taxes thus making it free from state income taxes. As with municipal bonds, everything comes down to taxes. If one is not benefiting from tax-exemption, he will earn more with taxable bonds. However, based on one’s tax bracket, the tax-free municipal bond that has a lower yield may offer a higher after-tax return compared to the higher-yielding taxable Treasury

The Good, The Bad And The m ouldy Essay Example for Free

The Good, The Bad And The m ouldy Essay Introduction: In 2008 a YouTube video of a lady displaying a McDonald’s cheeseburger which she had kept for 4 years, went viral. A normal McDonald’s cheeseburger which had been exposed to the elements had kept in the same state for 4 years. No mould or mildew was found on the meat patty, the only thing that was slightly wrong was the burger bun which had become stale and was beginning to crumble. The composer of the video then compared McDonald’s fries which had been around for 4 years, to sliced potatoes which had been cut 3 months ago. The McDonalds fries were perfectly intact, they still had an oily, salty and greasy feel. However, the potato cuttings were covered in mould and were incredibly hard and in an attempt to snap them in half, they did not flex at all. If ‘real’ potatoes aged like that, why wouldn’t McDonald’s fries (the main ingredient being potatoes). This leads to the main experiment, if a McDonald’s burger doesn’t age, would a burger from home prepared ingredients be any different? My experiment consists of purchasing a regular McDonalds cheeseburger and then preparing a homemade cheeseburger using the same ingredients. The homemade burger must have the same dimensions as the McDonalds burger and share the same characteristics. For example, the weight of the McDonalds beef patty must be equivalent to that of the butcher-bought patty for the homemade burger. As all McDonalds patties are frozen, the butcher patty must be cooked in advance, frozen and then defrosted on the day of the burger preparation. The McDonalds burger will be purchased within the same hour as the homemade burger will be prepared. Even though an hour is an insignificant amount of time, I do not wish for the results to be altered in any way. The two burgers will be placed in two identical containers for 30 days. The burgers will be monitored every day and must only be handled with gloves on. Once the 30 days are up, the two will be weighed and examined to see if there are any changes to either burger. Depending on whether or not the McDonalds burger decays, I plan to conduct a survey and propose the question to 20 – 30 people â€Å"If cost was excluded from the equation, would you purchase a McDonalds burger over a burger from a takeaway shop made with reliable ingredients? † This question will be asked before the experiment takes place and once again after the 30 days. References: Adriana Velez, (January 3, 2013), Cheeseburger That Stayed Exactly the Same After a Whole Year Raises Alarm, http://thestir. cafemom. com/food_party/130975/cheeseburger_that_stayed_exactly_the * More to be decided for further research Aim: To determine whether a home-prepared cheeseburger will be in the same state as a McDonald’s cheeseburger after 30 days. Hypothesis: The burger made from natural ingredients will show signs of decomposition as opposed to the McDonalds burger which I believe will stay in the same state (based on previous research). Variables: Independent Variable – The burgers used for the experiment. One will be purchased from McDonalds, the other will be prepared at home, using butchers meat and store bought ingredients. *Note: Different cooking oils may be used to prepare the meat patty Dependent Variable – The amount of days which the two burgers will under examination (30 days). Also the weight of the two beefs patties before and after the experiment. Controls – The two containers in which the burgers will be situated. They will be in the same environment (a dark room). The two burgers must weigh the same and have the same portion of ingredients. Risk Assessment: Whilst preparing the homemade burger, proper cautions must be taken to avoid injury. Following proper safety guidelines while using the stove to prepare the patty is most important. As the experiment goes on, touching the burgers for examination will be required. Proper safety gloves must be worn to prevent any form of mildew or mould from making contact with the skin. Equipment List: * McDonalds cheeseburger (freshly cooked) * Ingredients for homemade burger (butcher’s meat, cheese slice, tomato sauce, chopped onion, burger bun, pickles) * Cooking utensils (frying pan, spatula). * Two identical air-tight containers * Safety gloves * Scales * Camera * Journal (to document observations) Method: Step 1: Prepare homemade burger using listed ingredients and freeze for 2 to 3 days. Step 2: Defrost burger, cook patty and purchase a plain McDonalds cheeseburger. Step 3: Place burgers in two separate airtight containers and place in a location which each container receives an equal amount of light, heat, etc. Step 4: Conduct a survey by proposing the question â€Å"If cost was excluded from the equation, would you purchase a McDonalds burger over a burger from a takeaway shop made with reliable ingredients?† to 20 – 30 people. Step 5: Observe the two burgers each day for 30 days, taking note of any change. (Handle only with safety gloves) Step 6: Collect findings and present results. Step 7: Briefly outline results to the same 20 – 30 people who were surveyed and ask them whether their views have changed at all. Step 8: Research the health benefits of home prepared meat as opposed to commercial, processed meats. Results: Photos and descriptions of the burgers will be presented in the form of a journal. Weight of the burgers will be presented in a line graph designed in Microsoft Excel.

History of 1803 :: essays papers

History of 1803 POLITICAL EVENTS: 1803 was probably one of the most important year in the history of the United States. The reason for this is the Louisiana Purchase. The Louisiana Purchase was the largest land purchase ever made in the United States. The Louisiana Purchase increased the national territory by about 140%; the total amount of land purchased was 828,000 sq. miles in extent. It was purchased from France for 80,000,000 francs, which is about $15 million in today's currency. These following states comprised original territory; Missouri, Nebraska, Iowa, North and South Dakota, most of Louisiana, Kansas, Minnesota, Montana, Wyoming, and parts of Colorado and Oklahoma. Another political event that occurred in 1803 was Ohio became a state of the United States. Also another political event in 1803 was the renewal of the war between France and Britain. France also completed the Occupation of Hanover. The Swiss cantons regained independence in 1803 to. Robert Emmett, the leader of the Ir. July Rebellion was executed on September 20, 1803. The reason for this was he led an unsuccessful insurrection in Dublin. But he was finally caught on July 23, 1803 and was hanged. He was later celebrated as a martyr for the cause of Irish nationalism. MILITARY EVENTS On May 23,1803 Captain Edward Preble was commissioned as a commander. He was set for the third squadron to be sent against Tripod. Also the renewal of the war between France and Britain started. SOCIAL EVENTS The first tax supported library was set up in 1803. It was located in Salisbury Connecticut and was started as a gift from Caleb Bingham, who was a Boston publisher. The library continued by grants of town money. Also the German Pietism group was started. They were called Harminists, more popularly known as Rappites after their leader George Rapp. George Rapp established a communal settlement near Pittsburgh, which they called Harmony. Glove manufacturing also began in 1803. The manufacturing began in Gloversville New York. It was started by Ezekiel Case. The town then became noted for the business of making gloves and mittens. Also in 1803 there was a record set for Racehorse Peacemaking. The record stood for 30 years, running 2 miles in 3 minutes and 54 seconds. John Randolph also fluttered Philadelphia circling with the announcement that he had fathered an illegitimate child. The subscription prices of the Philadelphia Periodical raised. The portfolio now cost $5 per year. History of 1803 :: essays papers History of 1803 POLITICAL EVENTS: 1803 was probably one of the most important year in the history of the United States. The reason for this is the Louisiana Purchase. The Louisiana Purchase was the largest land purchase ever made in the United States. The Louisiana Purchase increased the national territory by about 140%; the total amount of land purchased was 828,000 sq. miles in extent. It was purchased from France for 80,000,000 francs, which is about $15 million in today's currency. These following states comprised original territory; Missouri, Nebraska, Iowa, North and South Dakota, most of Louisiana, Kansas, Minnesota, Montana, Wyoming, and parts of Colorado and Oklahoma. Another political event that occurred in 1803 was Ohio became a state of the United States. Also another political event in 1803 was the renewal of the war between France and Britain. France also completed the Occupation of Hanover. The Swiss cantons regained independence in 1803 to. Robert Emmett, the leader of the Ir. July Rebellion was executed on September 20, 1803. The reason for this was he led an unsuccessful insurrection in Dublin. But he was finally caught on July 23, 1803 and was hanged. He was later celebrated as a martyr for the cause of Irish nationalism. MILITARY EVENTS On May 23,1803 Captain Edward Preble was commissioned as a commander. He was set for the third squadron to be sent against Tripod. Also the renewal of the war between France and Britain started. SOCIAL EVENTS The first tax supported library was set up in 1803. It was located in Salisbury Connecticut and was started as a gift from Caleb Bingham, who was a Boston publisher. The library continued by grants of town money. Also the German Pietism group was started. They were called Harminists, more popularly known as Rappites after their leader George Rapp. George Rapp established a communal settlement near Pittsburgh, which they called Harmony. Glove manufacturing also began in 1803. The manufacturing began in Gloversville New York. It was started by Ezekiel Case. The town then became noted for the business of making gloves and mittens. Also in 1803 there was a record set for Racehorse Peacemaking. The record stood for 30 years, running 2 miles in 3 minutes and 54 seconds. John Randolph also fluttered Philadelphia circling with the announcement that he had fathered an illegitimate child. The subscription prices of the Philadelphia Periodical raised. The portfolio now cost $5 per year.

Cultural Diversity and Patient Care

Knowledge of cultural diversity is key to all levels of the nursing practice. Knowledge and skills related to cultural diversity can strengthen and broaden health care delivery systems. â€Å"In 1986 the American Nursing Association (ANA) issued its first intention to strengthen cultural diversity programs in nursing† (Lowe & Archibald, 2009, p. 11). Despite good intentions made by nursing, progress in the area of cultural diversity has been slow and sporadic.The change in the ethnic composition of the U.S. has challenged nurses to incorporate the needs of their patient into their daily nursing practice. Society expects todays nurse to be culturally competent. Earlier a focus was on transcultural nursing was to bring an understanding of the contrasts between the nurse’s own culture and of the patient. An early strategy to educate nurses about culture was to incorporate cultural education into the nursing curriculum and to have cultural questions on nursing boards and ce rtification testing.â€Å"The necessity in preparing and assisting nurse researchers and clinicians to be able to meet the health needs of culturally diverse population takes on a sense of urgency† (Lowe & Archibald, 2009, p. 15). Concepts of illness, health, and wellness are part of the total cultural belief system. Nurses need to understand; how cultural groups understand life process, how they define health and illness, what they do to maintain wellness, what they believe is the cause of illness, how healers cure and care for their members, and how the cultural background of the nurse influences the care that they provide.We read in Ephesians 4:32, â€Å"And be ye kind one to another, tenderhearted, forgiving one another, even as God for Christ's sake hath forgiven you† (Holy Bible, King James Version). As Christians we should show God’s love to each and every one of our patients. This article titled â€Å"Cultural Diversity: The Intention of Nursing† can be found at http://onlinelibrary. wiley. com/doi/10. 1111/j. 1744-6198. 2009. 00122. x/abstracte .

Is Gay Parenting Bad for the Kids?

â€Å"Is Gay Parenting Bad for the Kids? † In the society we live in today, many people believe that being raised by a homosexual or lesbian couple isn’t a good thing for the children. Based on the article â€Å"Is Gay Parenting Bad for the Kids? † it seems to me that Charles C. W. Cooke (the author) and Dr. Mark Regenerus also believe that gay parenting is a bad thing. In the article, Cooke says that gay parenting is a bad thing because, â€Å"the child(ren) will end up different† or â€Å"the children are going to be missing at least one of their biological parents and they might experience some instability.Even though this article is defending the fact that gay parenting is bad for children, there are a few key points that challenge this statement because I believe that homosexual and lesbian couples are just as good as heterosexual couples when it comes to raising children. The first key point is that the article states that, â€Å"two women parents better on average than a woman and man, or at least than a woman and man with a traditional division of family labor. † This statement is basically saying that two women (on average) are better when it comes to staying in a relationship when it comes to raising children.Most heterosexual couples divorce even though they have family together, but lesbian couples continue to work things out in spite of their kids. That is a point that makes a comparison between lesbian and heterosexual couples. The next point is that, â€Å"children raised by homosexual or lesbian parents are as likely as children raised by heterosexual parents to be healthy, successful, and well-adjusted. † This means that no matter what sexual orientation the parents are, the child is not going to become a failure in life. They are still going to go to school, graduate, and become something in life.Just because the parents didn’t graduate doesn’t mean the child won’t graduate. Just because the parent didn’t become something in life doesn’t mean the child won’t. The last reason is that â€Å"marriage between gay partners will enhance the family’s stability and therefore be good for the children. † This also proves that there is nothing wrong with homosexual or lesbian couples being parents. I feel as long as the family is stable, then it shouldn’t matter if the parents are homosexual, lesbian, or heterosexual. In my opinion, I think that it has nothing to do with the children. I think that it is just a stereotypical issue.Many people feel that because in most states gay marriage is not legal (yet) that homosexuals and lesbians shouldn’t be parents. This article challenges and defends whether or not gay parenting is bad for the children. Even though majority of the article is against gay parenting, the challenging points stand out more than any of the other evidence. In conclusion, I do not think that gay parentin g is bad for children. When the children start to understand what is going on, they have their own choices to make on whether to be stable and become something in life or worry about missing a biological parent and becoming unstable.

Slavery position with writers essays

Slavery position with writers essays The issue of slavery in the nineteenth century produced an overwhelming issue in society. There were some writers that favored slavery and then there were some that did not favor slavery. In favor of slavery were William Gillmore Simms, and Caroline Hentz. Those opposed to slavery were Frederick Douglass, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Henry David Thoreau, and Herman Melville. All of these writers presented their views of slavery in the their literary works. William Simms was a supporter of slavery and this evident in his novel, Woodcraft. This novel takes place in the south during the closing of the Revolutionary War. Simms was born in Charleston, South Carolina, so he was raised on the souths position of pro-slavery. In Simms novel Woodcraft, he states, Exhaustion not wisdom, or a better state of feeling, was the secret of the peace which was finally concluded between the two nations (America and Great Britain), and of which, South Carolina, and Charleston in particular, was eagerly expecting the benefits. (Simms 35) Great Britain had spent most of the Revolutionary War occupying Charleston and the soldiers would stay at the peoples home with out the homeowners consent. This angered many townspeople in Charleston and many other townspeople throughout the south. Since the war was coming to an end the people of Charleston could have their city and homes again. Also meaning plantation owners and slaver owners could resume back t o their work of the land, which was the major source of economy in the south. During the Revolutionary War, Great Britain was re-stealing the slaves of slave owners in the south. In Woodcraft, it is stated, South Carolina had already lost twenty-five thousand slaves, which British philanthropy had transferred from the rice-fields of Carolina to the sugar estates of the West India Islands; and there were yet other thousands waiting to be similarly transport...

The Role of Interjections in English Grammar

The Role of Interjections in English Grammar Shortly after Steve Jobss death in the fall of 2011, his sister, Mona Simpson, revealed that Jobss final words were monosyllables, repeated three times: OH WOW. OH WOW. OH WOW. As it happens, interjections (such as oh and wow) are among the first words we learn as children- usually by the age of a year and a half. Eventually, we pick up several hundred of these brief, often exclamatory utterances. As the 18th-century philologist, Rowland Jones observed, It appears that interjections make up a considerable part of our language. Nevertheless, interjections are commonly regarded as the outlaws of English grammar. The term itself, derived from Latin, means something thrown in between. Why Interjections Are Overlooked Interjections usually stand apart from normal sentences, defiantly maintaining their syntactic independence. (Yeah!) They arent marked inflectionally for grammatical categories such as tense or number. (No sirree!) And because they show up more frequently in spoken English than in writing, most scholars have chosen to ignore them. (Aw.) Linguist Ute Dons has summarized the uncertain status of interjections: In modern grammars, the interjection is located at the periphery of the grammatical system and represents a phenomenon of minor importance within the word class system (Quirk et al. 1985: 67). It is unclear whether the interjection is to be considered an open or closed word class. Its status is also special in that it does not form a unit with other word classes and that interjections are only loosely connected with the rest of the sentence. Furthermore, interjections stand apart as they often contain sounds which are not part of the phoneme inventory of a language (e.g. ugh, Quirk et al. 1985: 74).(Descriptive Adequacy of Early Modern English Grammars. Walter de Gruyter, 2004) But with the advent of corpus linguistics and conversation analysis, interjections have recently begun to attract serious attention. The Study of Interjections Early grammarians tended to regard interjections as mere sounds rather than words- as outbursts of passion rather than meaningful expressions. In the 16th century, William Lily defined the interjection as a parte of speche, whyche betokeneth a sodayne passion of the mynde, under an unperfect voice. Two centuries later, John Horne Took argued that the brutish, inarticulate interjection . . . has nothing to do with speech, and is only the miserable refuge of the speechless. More recently, interjections have been variously identified as adverbs (the catch-all category), pragmatic particles, discourse markers, and single-word clauses. Others have characterized interjections as pragmatic noises, response cries, reaction signals, expressives, inserts, and evincives. At times interjections call attention to a speakers thoughts, often as sentence openers (or initiators): Oh, you must be kidding. But they also function as back-channel signals- feedback offered by listeners to show theyre paying attention. (At this point, class, feel free to say Gosh! or at least Uh-huh.) Its now customary to divide interjections into two broad classes, primary and secondary: Primary interjections are single words (such as ah, ouch, and yowza) that are used only as interjections and that dont enter into syntactic constructions. According to linguist Martina Drescher, primary interjections generally serve to lubricate conversations in a ritualized manner.*Secondary interjections (such as well, hell, and rats) also belong to other word classes. These expressions are often exclamatory and tend to mix with oaths, swear words, greeting formulas, and the like. Drescher describes secondary interjections as derivative uses of other words or locutions which have lost their original conceptual meanings- a process known as semantic bleaching. As written English grows more and more colloquial, both classes have migrated from speech into print. One of the more intriguing characteristics of interjections is their multifunctionality: the same word may express praise or scorn, excitement or boredom, joy or despair. Unlike the comparatively straightforward denotations of other parts of speech, the meanings of interjections are largely determined by intonation, context, and what linguists call pragmatic function. Geez, we might say, you really had to be there. Ill leave the next-to-last word on interjections to the authors of the Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English (1999): If we are to describe spoken language adequately, we need to pay more attention to [interjections] than has traditionally been done. To which I say, Hell, yeah! * Quoted by Ad Foolen in The Expressive Function of Language: Towards a Cognitive Semantic Approach. The Language of Emotions: Conceptualization, Expression, and Theoretical Foundation, ed. by Susanne Niemeier and Renà © Dirven. John Benjamins, 1997.

Did Prohibition Succeed Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Did Prohibition Succeed - Research Paper Example This was shown already in the states that were already dry – some of the states issued permits for people to bring alcohol from one state to another, and there were 34,000 of these permits issued in Washington state, a state where there was, at the time, only 44,000 registered voters. Before the ratification of the amendment, Michigan was a dry state, and Ohio was a wet one, and the highway between Michigan and Ohio was so convenient for the smugglers that the highway became known as the â€Å"Avenue de Booze† (Okrent, 2010, p. 102). This meant that there would be an underground avenue for people getting booze, long after Prohibition was enacted, and this is exactly what happened. Part of the problem is that, as Sinclair Lewis brilliantly noted, during this time there was an overall change in the American landscape. The people were coming from more of a prairie lifestyle into one that was becoming more and more industrialized, and, with this came both disillusionment an d rebellion (Lewis, 1922, p. 56). This was the overall wrong time to try to outlaw booze. The generation had just came from war, or at least seen it or known people who have been in it, and they were coming into a period of increasing change. Alcohol becoming forbidden would be a way to rebel, if the people of the twenties engaged in it, while, at the same time, alcohol could be seen as a way to soothe the nerves of the people who are undergoing this powerful change. So, in this way, Prohibition could not have come at a worse time. In the years that followed the ratification and enaction of the 18th Amendment, there was considerable evidence that the Prohibition Amendment was nothing but a sham. For instance, in February of 1920, which was the year that the Prohibition Amendment actually took effect, Leo J. Grove seized three barrels of homemade wine from the basement of an Italian grocery store, and this was only one of many examples of people who still supplied alcohol to the mass es (Okrent, 2010, p. 120). In that first year, there were 900,000 cases of liquor that came from Canada and made its way to the United States – and this was just in the first seven months of 1920, which was considered to be a â€Å"dry-but-wet year† (Okrent, 2010, p. 124). In New England, the alcohol came from ships that were anchored beyond the three mile limit, and these were ferried to shore. These were the more professional endeavors, but there were also countless moonshiners that would make the alcohol, some of them in their bathtubs, and would distribute them (Okrent, 2010, p. 125). Worse, Prohibition led to crime on a wide scale. The first alliances were between the gangsters, such as Capone, Torrio and Lansky, and these alliances were the first signs of a crime syndicate that had gone across the United States. Moreover, these mobsters had respectability. They took part in anti-Ku Klux Klan campaigns, and they were considered to be glamorous. Longy Zwillman was dating actress Jean Harlow, and there were many mobsters who owned popular nightclubs. Another gangster had an affair with actress Mae West. Al Capone was involved in charities for the poor (Okrent, 2010, p. 274). The reason why there was so much crime, and that these mobsters and others were seen as glamorous was because there was so much money in selling alcohol underground. There were some annual sales of $3.6 billion nationally by 1926 –

US HISTORY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

US HISTORY - Essay Example With the beginning of this acute financial crisis, banks failed, companies shut down and the result was unemployment, loss of personal assets like land, house and other valuables. People who were well-off before the Depression lost everything and lived off from begging (Uys). The great depression completely disoriented the lives of the Americans forcing children and teenagers to give up studies and either take to begging or perform menial labour. Lack of fund resources, scarcity of food and water, and homeless existence affected social life resulting in broken homes, battered relationships and wavering convictions. Unemployment was at its peak with a record of 13 million people going jobless and living fringe life. A lot of people started moving down to the West which was not as badly affected. People could not pay fares and travelled illegally which came to be known as hobo. Hoboing and train hopping were common phenomena as more and more people travelled up and down in search of better life. Homelessness was another significant phenomenon of the time and was termed as Hoovervilles to condemn President Hoover. People could not provide to stay in proper houses and lived in shacks made of cardboard boxes, metal sheets, leftover wood, piano boxes, and rusted car bodies (Uys). The Great Depression taught people valuable lessons like self-reliance, compassion, frugality and love for freedom and one’s country (Uys). These values acted as the bedrocks on which developed a stronger and more resilient

Higher Education Task Force Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Higher Education Task Force Report - Essay Example The essay needs to dwell mainly on the role of CBI Higher Education Task Force in reporting on the topic of ‘Stronger together: Government policy on this crucial issue is another aspect, which can determine the guidelines to be formulated. The proposed essay structure needs to present an analysis of the view points of different industry heads on the possibilities of investing funds by them and the government to speed up the process of economic growth. The role of media needs to be pinpointed to know the impact of the campaign on higher education policy. Contribution of media in initiating a national debate through various broadcasting channels would add value to the content of the essay. The government, universities and the businesses are the direct stakeholders while students will reap the benefits indirectly by getting grants on tuition fees and right employment opportunities. Sam Laidlaw is not only the chairman of the CBI HE taskforce but also the chief executive of Centrica. Hopefully, his views should present a clear picture of all aspects including not just employment but the niche area to pay more attention, namely subjects like science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM) where the demand of the businesse s on hunting talent has not been fulfilled and is going to rise further in future. Arguments given for creating and developing stronger relations between the universities, government and businesses in turbulent times need to be discussed in the proposed essay to substantiate the steps and recommendations made in the report.

Social Media Marketing Marketing Essay

Social Media Marketing Marketing Essay The rise in popularity of social networking Web sites and other social media outlets such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and individual blogs has grown subsequently during these recent years. This literature review shall demonstrate on how the social media networks have an impact on businesses; following an introduction of what is exactly the social media marketing, secondly what are the networks for and thirdly the impact of the social networks on consumers. Some studies have been made by several researchers and authors about the impact of social media in businesses which will be evaluated in this research proposal. Social media networks are fast becoming the infrastructure of the Web as all of our personal data and connections are being aggregated into databases. The value of Facebook, Linkedin, and Twitter is part how much of our personal information they store and part how useful they can make this information for companies, advertisers, marketers, and consumers. The more information social networks know about us and our connections, the more targeted they can make their advertising and ultimately their business value (Levitt 2010). Tuten (2008) described social media as communities which include forums, virtual worlds , social news organisations, social- opinion sharing sites and social networks. In addition to this, Tuten (2008) remarkably suggested that social networks are built with a platform that enables users to create or identify profiles with the ability to interact with other members and participating in various site activities. With memberships that are growing daily and the amount of people interacting with these various sites, marketers and businesses have found a tool that can make money likewise Tuten (2008) argued that marketers in the USA spent $920 million on social network advertising which showed a net progression of businesses implementing social media into their businesses. On the other hand Bowman (2010) investigated that social media is expanding at a sophisticated business tool because it provides businesses a unique opportunity to target customers and its prospect. For instance, the mas sive social network facebook.com which has millions of subscribers is one of the most appreciated site for businesses can create fan pages on offering instructional videos to show people how their products are reliable. Further research demonstrated that social networking sites are promoting rapidly through the internet acquiring users around the world; the more quickly social networking sites grow, the more quickly they spread. It has been argued that; it is a vital source of revenue for some businesses to market their products and services for example the retail industry and as a result many advertisers have conducted consumer promotions involving social media to generate attention to and participation in their promotions; for instance (Otter 2010) suggested that some companies in the recruitment sector have placed social media in their planning, companies such as Microsoft, Roundchard and CH2M Hill have successfully achieved in implenting this process which has been cost effectiv e, faster to hire and improved candidate quality. In the UK the large retailer John Lewis has invested in a research project to monitor the consumers point of view, it is part of their strategy to develop new skills in their advertising programme; in brief The Gazette the company trade magazine quoted Social media can also help generate a buzz about product or brands(cabinet-marker.co.uk). Equally Starbucks have seek digital and social media marketing investment in their channel in the UK, their success has involved a global campaign in releasing new product online via the social networks. Starbuck`s strategy was to involve customer loyalty via facebook, the company has also planned to integrate activities across a number of iniatives including the Starbucks Card, public affairs, customer care and shared planet across social media channels with its 9million fans on facebook and 1million followers on twitter (nma.co.uk). Similarly, Twitter has reached the middle east for example Gulf Air; the Gulf Airs website gulfair.com has become the No.1 airline website in the Gulf region by number of followers on one of the most popular social media networks, this trend has enable the company to promote its image in their specific service sector on How to utilise digital and new media to reach customers, ommunities and special interest groups (gulfair.com). Nowadays employers and employees understand the power of social media networks in creating real business value and relationships with customers the press, analysts, and all other stakeholders ( Businessweek.com 2010). In addition to this, many employers have been managi marketing their personal brand together by promoting their company. It argues that employees participating in social networks have already developed a network that can help them in the long term within their development and promotion in regard to their progress in a company for future prospects.( Businessweek.com 2010) . DENNISoneil.com 410.343.9090

Enron Corporation Essay -- Business Management History Essays

Enron Corporation Before filing for bankruptcy in 2001, Enron Corporation was one of the largest integrated natural gas and electricity companies in the world. It marketed natural gas liquids worldwide and operated one of the largest natural gas transmission systems in the world, totaling more than 36,000 miles. It was also one of the largest independent developers and producers of electricity in the world, serving both industrial and emerging markets. Timeline Enron began as Northern Natural Gas Company, organized in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1930. The company's founding came just a few months after the stock market crash of 1929, an unusual time to launch a new venture. Several aspects of the Great Depression actually worked in Northern's favor, however. Consumers initially were not enthusiastic about natural gas as a heating fuel, but its low cost led to its acceptance during tough economic times. High unemployment brought the new company a ready supply of cheap labor to build its pipeline system. The 1940s brought changes in Northern's regulation and ownership. The Federal Power Commission, created as a result of the Natural Gas Act of 1938, regulated the natural gas industry's rates and expansion. 1944: Acquires the gas-gathering and transmission lines of Argus Natural Gas Co. 1945: Argus properties are consolidated into a subsidiary called Peoples Natural Gas Co As time went on Northern kept expanding through acquisitions. First in 1967 it made an acquisition with Protane Corporation, a distributor of propane gas in the eastern US and the Carribbean. In 1976, Northern formed Northern Arctic Gas Company, a partner in the proposed Alaskan arctic gas pipeline, and Northern Liquid Fuels International Ltd., a supply and marketing company. 1980: Northern changes its name to InterNorth, Inc. Its attempted hostile takeover of Crouse-Hinds Co., an electrical products manufacturer, is thwarted by Cooper Industries. Northern Overthrust Pipeline Co. and Northern Trailblazer Pipeline Co. are set up to participate in the Trailblazer pipeline. Creates two exploration and production companies, Nortex Gas & Oil and Consolidex Gas and Oil Ltd. 1982: Forms Northern Intrastate Pipeline Co. and Northern Coal Pipeline Co. Establishes InterNorth International, Inc. to oversee non-U.S. operations InterNorth made an acquisition of enormous proportions in 1... ...d then they reported a $ 1 million charge in total. Then there was the project to build a natural gas 900 kilometer pipeline in Mozambique to Gauteng, South Africa which cost $700 million. Enron's contract is now considered overpriced. Nevertheless, Enron must pay for the gas even if it does not take possession of it and Enron has no customers for the gas. I feel that Enron had luck on it’s side for a while and were able to conquer all these different markets for a while. But they wanted too much power and money, much too fast for some of the markets they entered they had to dish out billions of dollars in up front capital investments on hard assets. . These capital investments were not expected to generate significant earnings or cash flow in the short term. This put pressure on Enron’s balance sheet. I would of not tried to expand so rapidly and gave time for my projects, mergers and aquasitions to progress and then expand instead of rushing. I would of not spent so much time and money on contributions to political parties trying to gain deregulation and to stop gov’t oversight. I would of done things properly and legally that way gov’t oversight would of not been a problem.

Roderick Mullen

Chapter 15 The West and the Changing Balance of Power Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which of the following was NOT a symptom of decline in the Arabic caliphate by 1400? A) The narrowing of intellectual life symbolized by the triumph of religion over literature, philosophy, and science B) Landlords seized power over peasants C) The decline of the Sufis D) Decline of tax revenues for the state E) Landlords ceased to experiment with new agricultural techniques. 2) By what date had the Arabs been virtually excluded from European trade? A) 900 B) 1000 C) 1100 D) 1350 E) 1453 ) Which of the following statements concerning Arabic trade after 1100 is most accurate? A) Arabic control of the seas was strengthened following 1100. B) Although Arabic trade was reduced, Muslims remained active in world markets. C) The total collapse of the Islamic world in the 12th century can best be compared to the fall of the Roman Empire. D) The Arab trading complex was reduced after 1100 to the Middle East. E) Their economic decline could be compared to that of Rome. 4) Which of the following statements concerning the political fragmentation of the Arabic world in the 1400s is most accurate?A) After the fall of the Abbasid caliphate, the emerging Ottoman Empire soon mastered most of the lands of the old caliphate plus the Byzantine corner. B) The political fragmentation caused by the fall of Baghdad lasted for several centuries under the decentralized administration of the Seljuk Turks. C) The Mongol conquests eliminated any form of centralized government in the Middle East until the 17th century. D) Following the fall of the Abbasid caliphate, the Middle East became part of the colonial empire of the emerging feudal states of western Europe.E) The political system was chaotic for 300 years until the rise of a new political order under the Ottoman Turks. 5) Which of the following statements concerning the Ottoman Empire is most accurate? A) The rise of the Ottoman Empire restored the ful l international vigor that the Islamic caliphate had possessed. B) Turkish rulers promoted trade more actively than did their Arab predecessors. C) The expansionist power of the Ottoman Empire was very real, but the focus on conquest and administration overshadowed wider commercial ambitions. D) The Ottoman Empire had no expansionist interests or capabilities.E) The Ottomans competed with western Europe for Atlantic trade. 6) What area represented a new conquest for the Ottoman Empire in the late 1400s? A) Asia Minor B) North Africa C) Southeastern Europe D) Mesopotamia E) Russia 7) Which of the following statements concerning the Ottoman Empire is most accurate? A) Turkish rulers did not promote maritime trade as vigorously as had the Arabs. B) Scientific and philosophical investigations reached the level of innovation that they had enjoyed under the Abbasids. C) The Turks refused to patronize the traditional Persian artists and craftsmen who had dominated the later Abbasid court.D ) The Ottomans were more interested in cultural patronage than in military organization. E) The Ottomans never mastered the full territorial extent of the old caliphate. 8) Which of the following civilizations first attempted to fill the commercial vacuum created by the decline in Arabic trade? A) Russia B) Japan C) China D) India E) Sub-Saharan Africa 9) What Chinese dynasty succeeded the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China? A) Chou B) Ming C) Han D) Tang E) Qing 10) What was the innovation launched by the Ming dynasty? A) Receiving tribute payments from Korea and Japan B) Extending their political control over Vietnam and KoreaC) Use of a centralized bureaucracy but under the direct control of the emperor D) Mounting huge, state-sponsored trading expeditions throughout Asia and beyond E) The use of gunpowder weapons on both land and naval vessels 11) In what year did the Ming dynasty halt state-sponsored commercial voyages? A) 1358 B) 1405 C) 1433 D) 1487 E) 1453 12) What admiral command ed China? s great overseas expeditions between 1405 and 1433? A) Zhenghe B) Jung Tzi Lung C) Xun Xi D) Yan Xuanshang E) Chenla Khmer 13) Which of the following was NOTa reason used by the Ming dynasty to halt the trading expeditions?A) The opposition of the scholar-gentry and bureaucracy B) The technological inferiority of Chinese ships and navigation C) The growing military expenses of the campaigns against the Mongols D) The traditional preference of the Chinese for Asian products E) The expense of building the new capital in Beijing 14) Which of the following statements concerning the cessation of state-sponsored trade by the Ming dynasty is most accurate? A) The cessation of trade severely damaged the internal economy of China and produced the inevitable peasant revolutions that overthrew the Ming dynasty.B) The end of international trade signaled a general decentralization of government in Ming China. C) Because of the Chinese dependence on imports from abroad, the decision to end the state-sponsored expeditions was particularly critical in initiating cultural decline. D) In Chinese terms, it was the brief emphasis on trading and commerce that was unusual, not its cessation. E) China had long emphasized internal development at the expense of trade. 15) Which of the following was NOT a drawback to the West? s emergence as a global power? A) Western nations lacked the political coherence and organizing ability of imperial China.B) The West did not begin to establish key maritime and commercial links until after 1600. C) The Catholic church, long one of the organizing institutions of Western civilization, was under attack. D) The lives and economic activities of ordinary Europeans, the artisans and peasants, were in serious disarray. E) Population loss caused further economic disarray and lack of strong leadership. 16) Which of the following was NOT a contributing factor to the economic crises of the 14th century? A) Withdrawal from the global trading networ k B) Bubonic plague C) Lack of technological advance in agriculture D) Recurrent famineE) Labor shortages 17) What proportion of the European population died as a result of the 14th century plague? A) One tenth B) One fourth C) One third D) One half E) One eighth 18) Which of the following was NOT a source of Western dynamism in the 14th and 15th centuries? A) The strengthening of feudal monarchy B) The growth of cities and urban economies C) Advances in metallurgy D) Two centuries of peace among the major European nations E) A cultural reawakening 19) Strong regional monarchies took hold in the decades around 1400 in A) Russia and Poland. B) the Ottoman Empire. C) Spain and Portugal.D) Germany and Austria. E) Italy and Greece. 20) In what region of Europe did the Renaissance begin? A) Germany B) Italy C) France D) England E) Spain 21) In comparison to medieval culture, Renaissance culture was A) more concerned with Aristotelian philosophy. B) more concerned with things of the earth ly world. C) disinterested in classical models. D) based less on urban vitality and expanding commerce. E) more other-worldly and religious. 22) Which of the following was NOT one of the reasons that Italy emerged as the center of the early Renaissance? A) Italy was spared the Black Plague due to its geographic location.B) Italy retained more contact with Roman traditions than did the rest of Europe. C) Italy led the West by the 14th century in banking and trade. D) Italy had closer contacts with foreign scholars, particularly those in late Byzantium. E) Italy was more urbanized than most of Europe. 23) What Florentine painter led the way in the movement toward nature and people as the primary subject matter of Renaissance art? A) Giotto B) Petrarch C) Masaccio D) Fra Angelico E) Boccaccio 24) What Italian city-state was best placed to engage in the new, Western-oriented commercial ventures of the 15th century? A) Rome B) Florence C) GenoaD) Pisa E) Padua 25) Along with Italy, a key center for change in the 14th and 15th centuries was A) France. B) Germany. C) England. D) the Iberian peninsula. E) Austria. 26) What was unique about the development of states in the Iberian peninsula? A) These governments were based on city-states rather than nation-states. B) Based on Castile and Aragon, the Iberian states were unique in their adoption of Islam. C) Spain and Portugal developed effective new governments with a special sense of religious mission and religious support. D) The states of Spain and Portugal were able to develop without emphasis on the military.E) They had never participated in the feudal practices of the Middle Ages which made them more open to change. 27) What was the Western response to the problems of international trade that they experienced in 1400? A) Western nations halted trade with Asia and the East and became more dependent on European-produced commodities. B) Many nations sought to establish alliances with the Ottoman Empire in order to re store the trade routes. C) Overland trade routes through northern Russia were established to the East. D) Western nations began explorations of alternative routes to Asia that would bypass the Middle East and Muslim realms.E) They began to pull back from all but regional trade networks found in the eastern Mediterranean. 28) The key theme of Polynesian culture from the 7th century to 1400 was A) the adoption of Japanese civilization in the island societies. B) the development of a uniform written script. C) contraction as a result of the world-wide epidemic of the 14th century. D) spurts of migration and conquest that spread beyond the initial base in the Society Islands. E) large-scale expeditions of discovery which were aimed at establishing colonies in South America. 29) Which of the following was NOT characteristic of Hawaiian culture? A) UrbanizationB) Animal husbandry featuring swine C) Warlike regional kingdoms D) Highly stratified social structure E) Use of imported animals such as pigs 30) Which of the following represents a significant difference between New Zealand and Hawaii? A) Art based on carved wood B) A cold and harsh climate C) A highly stratified society D) A society based on warfare E) Tribal military leaders 31) The practice of judging other peoples by the standards and practices of one? s own culture of ethnic group is A) ethnocentrism. B) genocide. C) anthropomorphism. D) aversionism. E) localism. 32) Which of the following statements is most accurate?A) Without European intervention, there is no reason to believe that the Inca and Aztec empires could not have survived for several more centuries. B) Without European interference, the likelihood is that the Inca Empire would have overwhelmed the Aztecs and established a unified government in the Americas. C) Because of internal weaknesses, both the Inca and the Aztec empires were receding and might not have survived, even if the Europeans had not arrived. D) Prior to the arrival of the Eu ropeans, both the Inca and the Aztec empires had been replaced by other, indigenous governments.E) Both the Inca and the Aztecs stopped exploiting subject peoples after 1500 due to the intervention of the Black Plague. 33) Which of the following was NOT a result of the European contact with sub-Saharan Africa after 1500? A) Trade patterns in west Africa shifted from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic B) Trade shifted in west Africa from Muslim to European hands C) Seizure of slaves for European use affected many regions deeply D) Regional kingdoms lost all influence in west Africa and were replaced by European governments E) European weapons played an increasing role in the tribal conflicts between north and south.

Motivational techniques used by infosys Essay

Staff surveys are usually very helpful in establishing whether staffs in your company are motivated and therefore performing to best effect. Aside from the information that questionnaires reveal, the process of involving and consulting with staff is hugely beneficial and motivational in its own right, (see the ‘Hawthorne Effect’). Whilst your survey will be unique to your company, your staff issues, your industry and culture, some useful generic guidelines apply to most situations. Although not exhaustive, the following ten points may help you cover the relevant subject areas and help towards establishing facts rather than making assumptions about motivation when designing your own questionnaires on employee motivation. Ten tips for questionnaires on employee motivation 1. What is the ‘primary aim’ of your company? Your employees may be more motivated if they understand the primary aim of your business. Ask questions to establish how clear they are about your company’s principles, priorities and mission. 2. What obstacles stop employees performing to best effect? Questionnaires on employee motivation should include questions about what employees are tolerating in their work and home lives. The company can eliminate practices that zap motivation. 3. What really motivates your staff? It is often assumed that all people are motivated by the same things. Actually we are motivated by a whole range of factors. Include questions to elicit what really motivates employees, including learning about their values. Are they motivated by financial rewards, status, praise and acknowledgment, competition, job security, public recognition, fear, perfectionism, results†¦ 4. Do employees feel empowered? Do your employees feel they have job descriptions that give them some autonomy and allow them to find their own solutions or are they given a list of tasks to perform and simply told what to do? 5. Are there any recent changes in the company that might have affected motivation? If your company has made redundancies, imposed a recruitment freeze or lost a number of key people this will have an effect on motivation. Collect information from  employees about their fears, thoughts and concerns relating to these events. Even if they are unfounded, treat them with respect and honesty. 6. What are the patterns of motivation in your company? Who is most motivated and why? What lessons can you learn from patches of high and low motivation in your company? 7. Are employee goals and company goals aligned? First, the company needs to establish how it wants individuals to spend their time based on what is most valuable. Secondly this needs to be compared with how individuals actually spend their time. You may find employees are highly motivated but about the â€Å"wrong† priorities. 8. How do employees feel about the company? Do they feel safe, loyal, valued and taken care of? Or do they feel taken advantage of, dispensable and invisible? Ask them what would improve their loyalty and commitment. 9. How involved are employees in company development? Do they feel listened to and heard? Are they consulted? And, if they are consulted, are their opinions taken seriously? Are there regular opportunities for them to give feedback? 10. Is the company’s internal image consistent with its external one? Your company may present itself to the world as the ‘caring airline’, ‘the forward thinking technology company’ or the ‘family hotel chain’. Your employees would have been influenced, and their expectations set, to this image when they joined your company. If you do not mirror this image within your company in the way you treat employees you may notice motivation problems. Find out what the disparity is between the employees image of the company from the outside and from the inside.  © Blaire Palmer 2004-12.  tips on structure, format and style of employee questionnaires Use the questionnaire guidelines above when creating content and subject matter for your employee motivation and satisfaction questionnaires and surveys. Here are some additional tips about questionnaires and surveys structure, format  and style: Create a clear, readable ‘inviting’ structure. Use ‘white-out’ boxes for answers, scores, and for check-boxes, which clearly show the parts which need completing. Use a clear 11 or 12 point (font) typeface. 10 point is difficult to read for some people. Avoid italics and fancy graphics – they just make the document more difficult and more time-consuming to read. Look at the writing tips and techniques for other useful pointers in creating good printed communications. Apply the same principles if your survey questionnaire form is online (ie., screen-based). Where possible try to use specific questions with multiple-choice answers, rather than general ‘open-ended’ questions. Specific questions improve clarity and consistency of understanding among respondents, and a multiple-choice format enables the answers to be converted into scores which can be loaded into a spreadsheet and very easily analysed. General or vague questions on the other hand tend to lead to varying interpretation (or confusion) among respondents; also, by inviting an open-ended answer you will generate lots of narrative-based and subjective opinions, which might be very interesting, but will be very time-consuming to read, and even more time-consuming to analyse, especially if you are surveying a large group of employees. Here is an example: Open-ended question: What do you think of the Performance Appraisal System? (This will produce varied narrative responses = difficult to analyse.) Multiple-choice question: Rate the effectiveness of the Performance Appraisal System in providing you with clear and agreed training and development: Good/Okay/Not Good/Poor (By asking respondents to check boxes or delete as necessary the multiple-choice answers will produce extremely clear answers to a specific question that can be converted into scores and very easily analysed) Use four options in multiple-choice questions rather than three or five. Three and five options typically offer a middle ‘don’t know’ or ‘average’ selection. Using four, with no middle cop-out will ensure that everybody decides one way or the other: satisfactory or not, which is what you need to know. Mid-way ‘average’ non-committal answers are not helpful, so avoid giving respondents that option. If you go to the trouble of creating, managing and analysing a huge staff survey surely it’s a good idea to produce as much meaningful data as possible. Certain questions are suitable for numerical or percentage scoring by respondents, in which case  use such a system (again ensure you avoid offering scores which equate to ‘average’ or ‘don’t know’). For example: Score-based question: Score the extent to which you enjoy your work: 1-5 = don’t enjoy, 6-10 = enjoy. (By providing a clear differentiation between do and don’t, this 1-10 scoring system gives a wide range of choices, and at the same time a clear result.) Check with a sample of respondents that they understand the draft questions in the way you intend, before you print and issue the questionnaire to all six hundred or however many staff. Designing questionnaires and communications in isolation can produce strange results – not just politicians get out of touch – so check you are actually on the same planet, in terms of your aims, language and meaning, as the people whose views you seek. Make sure you explain to all staff beforehand that you’ll be publishing the survey findings, and then afterwards ensure you do so. And then act on the findings. If your MD/CEO is not fully behind your initiative, then go work for a different company whose MD/CEO properly supports the concept of consulting the folk whose efforts underpin his success (not to mention his share options, second home and Porsche etc.) Allow people to complete the survey questionnaires anonymously. If helpful to you and you have a purpose for doing so, you can ask people to identify which department/region/office they belong to, assuming such information is genuinely useful to you and you can handle the analysis. KISS – Keep It Simple Stupid. Break complex questions into digestible parts. Keep the survey to a sensible length – probably 20 minutes to complete it is a sensible limit of most people’s tolerance. You can always follow up later in the year with another survey, especially if people enjoy completing it, and they see that the feedback and analysis process is helpful to them as well as the employer (see the point about MD/CEO support above). By all means at the end of the questionnaire invite and allow space for ‘any other comments’, or better still try to guide respondents towards a particular question. On which point, wherever it is necessary to ask an open-ended question, use the words ‘what’ and ‘how’ rather than ‘why’, if you want to discover motives and reasons. What and How will focus respondents on the facts objectively, whereas ‘why’ tends to focus respondents on defending themselves. Examples: It’s okay to ask: What factors could be changed to help staff enjoy their work more in the XYZ depot? Whereas it’s not very clever to ask: Why is there such a crap attitude among staff at XYZ depot? The second example is daft of course, but you see the point. managing (just), or leading? In this excellent guide article by motivation expert Blaire Palmer, ten central points (for some, myths) of employee motivation are exposed and explained, many with real case study references and examples. employee motivation principles – a short case study – sounds familiar? When Michael started his own consultancy he employed top people; people he’d worked with in the past who had shown commitment, flair and loyalty and who seemed to share his values. But a few months down the line one of his team members started to struggle. Jo was putting in the hours but without enthusiasm. Her confidence was dropping; she was unfocused and not bringing in enough new business. Michael explained to Jo the seriousness of the situation. Without new business he would lose the company and that would mean her job. He showed her the books to illustrate his point. He again ran through her job description and the procedures she was expected to follow. He told her that he was sure she was up to the job but he really needed her to bring in the new business or they would all be out on their ear. Jo told Michael that she understood. She was doing her best but she’d try harder. But a month later nothing had changed. After an initial burst of energy, Jo was back to her old ways. No matter how experienced a leader you are, chances are at times you have struggled to motivate certain individuals. You’ve tried every trick in the book. You’ve sat down one-to-one with the individual concerned and explained the situation. You’ve outlined the big vision again in the hope of inspiring them. You’ve given them the bottom line: â€Å"Either you pull your finger out or your job is on the line†. You’ve dangled a carrot in front of them: â€Å"If you make your targets you’ll get a great bonus†. And sometimes it works. But not every time. And there have been casualties. Ultimately if someone can’t get the job done they have to go. The granddaddy of motivation theory, Frederick Herzberg, called traditional motivation strategies ‘KITA’ (something similar to Kick In The  Pants). He used the analogy of a dog. When the master wants his dog to move he either gives it a nudge from behind, in which case the dog moves because it doesn’t have much choice, or he offers it a treat as an inducement, in which case it is not so much motivated by wanting to move as by wanting choc drops! KITA does the job (though arguably not sustainably) but it’s hard work. It means every time you want the dog to move you have to kick it (metaphorically). Wouldn’t it be better if the dog wanted to move by itself? Transferring this principle back in to the workplace, most motivation strategies are ‘push’ or ‘pull’ based. They are about keeping people moving either with a kick from behind (threats, fear, tough targets, complicated systems to check people follow a procedure) or by offering choc drops (bonuses, grand presentations of the vision, conferences, campaigns, initiatives, etc). 10 management motivation examples to illustrate that there are better ways to motivate employees Blaire Palmer’s experience has enabled her to work with a wide range of individuals and groups from a variety of backgrounds. Some of these people are highly motivated themselves, but struggle to extend this state of mind to the people they manage. Other people are at the receiving end of KITA motivation strategies that (obviously) aren’t working on them. These people know they ‘should’ be more engaged with their work. Sometimes they fake it for a few months but it’s not sustainable. In this paper Blaire identifies some common assumptions about motivation and presents some new paradigms that can help motivate more effectively. By adding these coaching tools and motivation principles to your capabilities you should find the job of leading those around you, and/or helping others to do the same, more of a joyful and rewarding activity. Instead of spending all your time and energy pushing and cajoling (in the belief that your people’s motivation must come from you) you will be able to focus on leading your team, and enabling them to achieve their full potential – themselves. Ultimately, motivation must come from within each person. No leader is ever the single and continuing source of motivation for a person. While the leader’s encouragement, support, inspiration, and example will at times motivate followers, the  leader’s greatest role in motivating is to recognise people for who they are, and to help them find their own way forward by making best use of their own strengths and abilities. In this way, achievement, development, and recognition will all come quite naturally to the person, and it is these things which are the true fuels of personal motivation. By necessity these case studies initially include some negative references and examples, which I would urge you to see for what they are. How not to do things, and negative references, don’t normally represent a great platform for learning and development. In life it’s so important always to try to accentuate the positive – to encourage positive visualisation – so, see the negatives for what they are; silly daft old ways that fail, and focus on the the positives in each of these examples. There are very many. motivation example 1 – ‘everyone is like me’ One of the most common assumptions we make is that the individuals who work for us are motivated by the same factors as us. Perhaps you are motivated by loyalty to the company, enjoying a challenge, proving yourself to others or making money. One great pitfall is to try to motivate others by focusing on what motivates you. Marie, a director in her company, was being coached. She was a perfectionist. Every day she pushed herself to succeed and was rewarded with recognition from her peers. But she was unable to get the same standard of work from her team members. In the first few weeks of her coaching she would say, â€Å"If only people realised how important it was to put in 110% and how good it felt to get the acknowledgment, then they would start to feel more motivated†. But it wasn’t working. Instead people were starting to become resentful towards Marie’s approach. Acknowledgment was a prime motivator for Marie so to help her consider some other options, she was helped to brainstorm what else might motivate people in their work. Marie’s list grew: ‘learning new skills’, ‘accomplishing a goal as part of a team’, ‘creativity’, ‘achieving work-life balance’, ‘financial rewards’ and ‘the adrenaline rush of working to tight deadlines’. Marie began to see that perhaps her team were indeed motivated – it was simply that the team members were motivated in a different ways to her own. If the leader can tap into and support the team members’ own motivations then the leader begins to help people to realise their full potential. motivation example 2 – ‘no-one is like me’ Since the 1980’s, research has shown that although we know that we are motivated by meaningful and satisfying work (which is supported by Herzberg’s timeless theory on the subject, and virtually all sensible research ever since), we assume others are motivated mainly by financial rewards. Chip Heath, associate professor at Stanford University carried out research that found most people believe that others are motivated by ‘extrinsic rewards’, such as pay or job security, rather than ‘intrinsic motivators’, like a desire to learn new skills or to contribute to an organisation. Numerous surveys show that most people are motivated by intrinsic factors, and in this respect we are mostly all the same. Despite this, while many leaders recognise that their own motivation is driven by factors that have nothing to do with money, they make the mistake of assuming that their people are somehow different, and that money is central to their motivation. If leaders assume that their team members only care about their pay packet, or their car, or their monthly bonus, this inevitably produces a faulty and unsustainable motivational approach. Leaders must recognise that people are different only in so far as the different particular ‘intrinsic’ factor(s) which motivate each person, but in so far as we are all motivated by ‘intrinsic’ factors, we are all the same. motivation example 3 – ‘people don’t listen to me’ When some people talk, nearly everyone listens: certain politicians, business leaders, entertainers; people we regard as high achievers. You probably know people a little like this too. You may not agree with what they say, but they have a presence, a tone of voice and a confidence that is unmistakable. Fundamentally these people are great sales-people. They can make an unmitigated disaster sound like an unqualified victory. But do you need to be like this to motivate and lead? Certainly not. Many people make the mistake of thinking that the only people who can lead others to success and achieve true excellence, and are the high-profile, charismatic, ‘alpha-male/female’ types. This is not true. James was a relatively successful salesman but he was never at the top of his team’s league table.  In coaching sessions he would wonder whether he would ever be as good as his more flamboyant and aggressive colleagues. James saw himself as a sensitive person and was concerned that he was too sensitive for the job. James was encouraged to look at how he could use his sensitivity to make more sales and beat his teammates. He reworked his sales pitch and instead of focusing his approach on the product, he based his initial approach on building rapport and asking questions. He made no attempt to ‘sell’. Instead he listened to the challenges facing the people he called and asked them what kind of solution they were looking for. When he had earned their trust and established what they needed he would then describe his product. A character like James is also typically able to establish highly reliable and dependable processes for self-management, and for organising activities and resources, all of which are attributes that are extremely useful and valued in modern business. When he began to work according to his natural strengths, his sales figures went through the roof. Each of us has qualities that can be adapted to a leadership role and/or to achieve great success. Instead of acting the way we think others expect us to, we are more likely to get others behind us and to succeed if we tap in to our natural, authentic style of leadership and making things happen. The leader has a responsibility to facilitate this process. motivation example 4 – ‘some people can’t be motivated’ While it’s true that not everyone has the same motivational triggers, as already shown, the belief that some people cannot be motivated is what can lead to the unedifying ‘pep-talk and sack them’ cycle favoured by many X-Theory managers. Typically managers use conventional methods to inspire their teams, reminding them that they are ‘all in this together’ or that they are ‘working for the greater good’ or that the management has ‘complete faith in you’, but when all this fails to make an impact the manager simply sighs and hands the troublesome employee the termination letter. The reality is that motivating some individuals does involve an investment of time. When his manager left the company, Bob was asked by the site director, Frank, to take over some extra responsibility. As well as administrative work he would be more involved in people management and report directly to Frank. Frank saw this as a promotion for Bob and assumed  that he would be flattered and take to his new role with gusto. Instead Bob did little but complain. He felt he had too much to do, he didn’t trust the new administrator brought in to lighten his workload, and he felt resentful that his extra responsibility hadn’t come with extra pay. Frank was a good manager and told Bob that he simply had to be a little more organised, and that he (Frank) had complete belief in Bob to be able to handle this new challenge. But Bob remained sullen. So Frank took a different approach: He tried to see the situation from Bob’s point of view. Bob enjoyed his social life, but was no longer able to leave the office at 5pm. Bob was dedicated to doing a good job, but was not particularly ambitious, so promotion meant little to him. Bob was also expected to work more closely now with a colleague with whom he clashed. Then Frank looked at how Bob might perceive him as his boss. He realised Bob probably thought Frank’s hands-off management style meant he didn’t care. To Bob it might look as if Frank took no direct interest except when he found fault. Finally, Frank looked at the situation Bob was in to see if there was anything bringing out the worst in him. He realised two weeks of every month were effectively ‘down-time’ for Bob, followed by two weeks where he was overloaded with work. Having set aside his assumptions about Bob and armed with a more complete picture from Bob’s point of view, Frank arranged for the two of them to meet to discuss a way forward. Now the two were able to look at the real situation, and to find a workable way forward. While there is no guarantee that this approach will always work, ‘seeking to understand’, as Stephen Covey’s ‘Seven Habits of Highly Effective People’ puts it, is generally a better first step than ‘seeking to be understood’. It’s easier to help someone when you see things from their point of view. motivation example 5 – ‘but I am listening’ We are always told how valuable listening is as a leadership tool and encouraged to do more of it. So, when we remember, we listen really hard, trying to catch every detail of what is being said and maybe follow up with a question to show that we caught everything. This is certainly important. Checking your email, thinking about last night’s big game and planning your weekend certainly stop you from hearing what is being said. But there is another important aspect to listening and that is: Listening Without  Judgement. Often when an employee tells us why they are lacking motivation we are busy internally making notes about what is wrong with what they are saying. This is pre-judging. It is not listening properly. Really listening properly means shutting off the voice in your head that is already planning your counter-argument, so that you can actually hear, understand and interpret what you are being told. See the principles of empathy. This is not to say that ‘the employee is always right’, but only when you can really understand the other person’s perception of the situation are you be able to help them develop a strategy that works for them. Listening is about understanding how the other person feels – beyond merely the words that they say. motivation example 6 – ‘if they leave I’ve failed’ What happens if, at their meeting, Bob admits to Frank that he doesn’t see his future with that company? What if he says the main reason he is demotivated is that he isn’t really suited to the company culture, and would be happier elsewhere? Has Frank failed? Not necessarily. It’s becoming more widely accepted that the right and sustainable approach is to help individual employees to tap in to their true motivators and understand their core values. Katherine Benziger’s methodologies are rooted in this philosophy: Employees who ‘falsify type’ (ie., behave unnaturally in order to satisfy external rather than internal motives and drivers) are unhappy, stressed, and are unable to sustain good performance. Effort should be focused on helping people to align company goals with individual aspirations. Look at Adam’s Equity Theory to help understand the complexity of personal motivation and goals alignment. Motivation and goals cannot be imposed from outside by a boss – motivation and goals must be determined from within the person, mindful of internal needs, and external opportunities and rewards. Sometimes the person and the company are simply unsuited. In a different culture, industry, role or team that individual would be energised and dedicated, whereas in the present environment the same person doesn’t fit. Sometimes ‘success’ doesn’t look the way we expect it to. A successful outcome for an individual and for a company may be that a demotivated person, having identified what sort of work and environment would suit them better, leaves to find their ideal job elsewhere. You  succeed as a leader by helping and enabling people to reach their potential and to achieve fulfilment. If their needs and abilities could be of far greater value elsewhere, let them go; don’t force them to stay out of loyalty. Helping them identify and find a more fitting role elsewhere not only benefits you and them – it also enables you to find a replacement who is really suited and dedicated to the job. True leaders care about the other person’s interests – not just your own interests and the interests of your organization. motivation example 7 – ‘the same factors that demotivate, motivate’ When asked what brought about lack of motivation at work, the majority of people in research carried out by Herzberg blamed ‘hygiene factors’ such as working conditions, salary and company policy. When asked what motivated them they gave answers such as ‘the sense of achievement’, ‘recognition’, ‘the opportunity to grow and advance’ and ‘greater responsibility’. Herzberg’s findings about human motivation have been tested and proven time and gain. His theory, and others like it, tell us that the factors that demotivate do not necessarily motivate when reversed. The conventional solution to dissatisfaction over pay levels would be to increase pay in the belief that people would then work harder and be more motivated. However, this research shows that whilst increasing wages, improving job security and positive working relationships have a marginal impact, the main factors that characterise extreme satisfaction at work are: achievement, recognition, interesting work, responsibility, advancement and growth. So it follows that leaders who focus on these aspects – people’s true motivational needs and values – are the true leaders. Help people to enrich their work and you will truly motivate. motivation example 8 – ‘people will rise to tough challenges’ Many managers hope to motivate by setting their people challenging targets. They believe that raising the bar higher and higher is what motivates. Tracey was an effective and conscientious account manager. Her boss habitually set her increasingly tough objectives, which Tracey generally achieved. However, in achieving her targets last month Tracey worked several eighteen-hour days, travelled extensively overseas, and had not had a single weekend break. Sometimes Tracey would mention to her boss that the effort was taking its toll on her health and happiness. When Tracey handed in her latest monthly report, her boss said, ‘You see? It’s worth all the hard work. So, don’t complain about it again.’ Her boss’s belief was that Tracey would get a sense of satisfaction from completing an almost impossible workload. He was relying on her sense of duty – which she had in bucket-loads – to get the job done. But this is the KITA style of motivation. It doesn’t really acknowledge a dedication to the job or a sense of pride. Its leverage or ‘motivation’ is simply a lack of choice. Job enlargement is different to Job enhancement. Herzberg’s research shows that improving the ‘meaningfulness’ of a job (see also motivation example 7) has the motivational impact, not simply increasing the amount of pressure or volume of the tasks. Achievement for achievement’s sake is no basis for motivation – a person’s quality of life must benefit too. motivation example 9 – ‘I tried it and it didn’t work’ When you try new things – new motivational ideas, especially which affect relationships and feelings – it is normal for things initially to get a little worse. Change can be a little unsettling at first. But keep the faith. People are naturally sceptical of unconventional motivational approaches. They may wonder why you have suddenly taken such an interest in them. They may feel you are giving them too much responsibility or be concerned that changes in the way they work may lead to job losses. Herzberg’s research is among other evidence, and modern experience, that after an initial drop in performance, people quickly adjust and respond to more progressive management and motivational attitudes. Supporting and coaching people through this stage of early doubt is vital. Encourage and help people to grow and develop, and performance improvement is inevitable. motivation example 10 – ‘this type of motivation takes too much time’ If you’ve absorbed the ideas above, you might wonder where you would find the time to motivate people using these approaches. It is true that this style of leadership, sustainable motivation, commitment and focus is in the beginning more time consuming than ‘KITA’ methods; this is bound to be,  since KITA methods require far less thought. Engaging fully with your staff, understanding their wants, desires and values, getting to know them as individuals and developing strategies that achieve a continuous release of energy is more intensive and takes time to work. But consider the advantages. This investment of time means you will eventually have less to do. Instead of constantly urging your people along and having to solve all the problems yourself, you’ll be the leader of a group performing at a higher level of ability and productivity, giving you the chance to step back from fire-fighting and to consider the bigger picture. Herzberg was not alone in identifying that leaders need invest in the development of their teams, and also of their own successors. See leadership theories. Douglas McGregor’s X-Y Theory is central too. So is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, from the individual growth perspective. And see also Bruce Tuckman’s ‘Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing’ model. All of these renowned theories clearly demonstrate the need for teams, and the individuals within them, to be positively led and developed. Your responsibility as leader is to develop your team so that it can take on more and more of your own responsibility. A mature team should be virtully self-managing, leaving you free to concentrate on all the job-enhancing strategic aspects that you yourself need in order to keep motivated and developing. The technical content of this article was provided by UK-based expert in organizational development Blaire Palmer, which is gratefully acknowledged. Name:- Sunil Kumar Sharma EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This project is an attempt to give knowledge about Motivational technique of Tata steel company on their employees. It aims to make its reader well versed with each and every aspect of Kingfisher Airlines. It throws light on the following:- 1. In 1st Chapter you will find the objective of doing the project on Tata Steel 2. In 2nd Chapter of this report, you will find that the research methodology of the report is mentioned. 3. In 3rd chapter you will find an  overview of Tata Steel, in which you will find it’s the history of Tata Steel, current destination, departments, motivational technique, steps dose HR manager takes to manage employee of organization. In it you will also find about the Events, Awards, about the Management Team. 4. In 4th Chapter you will find conclusion and suggestion on the project on Motivational Technique of Tata Steel 5. In 5th Chapter you will find some of the limitations of project being face by me. 6. In 6th Chapter you will find the various sources I referred for gathering information. This project is overall an attempt to make you aware or to cover every possible aspect of Tata Steel in Delhi. OBJECTIVE 1. To understand the importance of employee motivation in Tata Steel 2. To analyze the monetary method of motivating employee 3. To analyze the non-monetary method of motivating employee 4. To understand the difficulties/challenges found in caring out the strategies 5. Finally, to recommend how Tata Steel can improve its motivational strategies LIMITATION 1. The data could be gathered from secondary source thus any error in the information would have also got replicated in this report 2. Time constraint was the major limitation faced by the researcher 3. Another problem was knowledge constraint and this report was an attempt to gather as much of relevant data as possible 4. Another constraint was the lack of information regarding proper route map by the organization due to which it could not be included in the project report 5. Difficult to meet right people at Tata Steel for project concern 6. Very expensive CONCLUSION AND SUGESTION After doing a study of this project representing on Motivation technique of leading company Tata Steel, I have come to a conclusion that Tata Steel is one of the largest and most widespread of the manufacturing company and well planned in motivational tools, Tata Steel have adopted various technique for all different level of management In all Tata Steel Organization, new approaches to motivation are being used. In many territories, the strategies  are manual but, as automated methods become more pervasive, those mechanisms that support its use will assume greater popularity Whatever the strategies selected for use, the objective is to motivate employees and make him more qualified, committed individuals into the organizations and ensure that the provision of Tata Steel to the their employee is timely and effective, that the goods are of consistent high quality and that the organizations achieve the objectives for which they have been established Tata Steel also manage their Monetary and non monetary methods of motivation system between all level of management according to their preference RECOMMENDATION 1. From the above research on motivational technique of Tata Steel they should be categorized their employee according to their motivational methods and make a research on it that which employee wants monetary method of motivation and which employee prefer non monetary method of motivational technique 2. Most probably all employee should be motivated by both method somehow that create a balance between employees thinking 3. There are many levels of management in Tata Steel organization I prefer him to take care of separate department 4. Tata Steel needs to undertake aggressive motivational technique at a time of emergency 5. New approaches should be identified and rewarded so that it serves as example for others Motivation Techniques at Microsoft Motivation Techniques at Microsoft With more than 4,000 of its 27,000 employees already millionaires, Microsoft faces the challenge of figuring out how to motivating its employees though means other than pay raises. While this problem is not unique to Microsoft, the circumstances under which this problem evolved however, are. As a company that must caters to the needs of the ‘professional’ worker, Microsoft’s motivational strategy should center around recognition of individual employee achievements, the work itself, responsibility, growth, and other characteristics that people find intrinsically rewarding. By simple virtue of its position as a high-tech company – where highly trained, highly skilled ‘professional’ workers account for the vast majority of its  employees – under normal circumstances money factors would play only limited role in actually motivating employees. As a company composed of ‘paper millionaires,’ Microsoft is in a unique position – while many Microsoft employees may be labeled ‘professional’ employees, the company’s financial position will play a special interest to many of its employees. As Microsoft stock-holders, the average Microsoft millionaire (the so called paper millionaire’) has a vested interest in helping the company succeed and advance its financial position. This is true because the stockholder will directly correlate the amount of money they earn with the perceived worth to the organization. Driven by the idea that their financial success or failures are directly related to the performance (as well as public image) of the company, these employees will work with great vigor to maintain the success of their company. Until their financial position no longer depends on the company’s stock performance – that is, until theses employees sell their stock and secure their fortunes – the Microsoft millionaires will likely view themselves as masters of their own destiny. Hard work, they are likely to reason, will translate into better company performance which in turn, will translate into steady (if not increasing) stock performance. Clearly, money plays an important role in motivating job performance. But as mentioned earlier, money has its limitations as a motivator, especially in the world of the ‘professional’ worker. In the work of management theorist Frederick Herzberg, a fair salary is considered a â€Å"hygiene† factor – something people need as an incentive to do the jobs they are hired to do. Hygiene factors include adequate workspace, light and heat, and the necessary tools such as a computer or telephone. Without any of these items, employees will be demotivated and unable to do their jobs. Having all of these items, however, will enable employees to do their jobs but will do nothing to help them do the best job possible. Getting people to do their best work is more a function of what Herzberg call â€Å"motivators.† These include praise and recognition, challenging work, and growth and development opportunities. As ‘professional’ workers Microsoft’s employees have, for the most part, meet their hygienic needs. Microsoft employees are largely skilled workers who derive satisfaction from their work itself. Such workers possess a strong sense of commitment to not only their field of expertise but also to their employer as well. As such, Microsoft’s employees will want to identify with the success of their profession and their organization. Since professionals often enjoy the challenge of problem solving, some of the rewards of their job will likely come from the work itself. This implies that managers should provide professionals with new assignments and challenging projects. Managers should give the professional autonomy to follow their interests and allow them to structure their work in ways they find productive. Professionals should be rewarded with recognition and educational opportunities that allow them to keep current in their fields. Recognition boosts employees’ esteem and performance. Recognition, on the other hand, is what you do above and beyond what people are paid to get the best effort from employees. Compensation is a right, but recognition, however, is a gift which validates the importance of their work.